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- <text id=89TT1556>
- <title>
- June 12, 1989: An Old Idea Makes A Comeback
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1989
- June 12, 1989 Massacre In Beijing
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- EDUCATION, Page 71
- An Old Idea Makes a Comeback
- </hdr><body>
- <p>Apprenticeship helps teach the skill of problem solving
- </p>
- <p> The word evokes quaint images of cabinetmakers or
- alchemists teaching eager youths the secrets of their trade.
- Yet apprenticeship -- the acquisition of knowledge through
- practice in the presence of a master -- is a time-tested
- teaching method whose applications go far beyond the shop floor.
- The principle is at work every time someone takes a
- total-immersion language lesson, follows a doctor on his rounds
- to learn how to practice medicine, or tags along with a crack
- dealer to learn the ropes of the drug trade. In fact, a body of
- scientists and educators maintains that it is the primary means
- by which people learn. "If you look at any successful learning
- situation, chances are you will find elements of
- apprenticeship," says John Seely Brown of the Institute for
- Research on Learning in Palo Alto, Calif.
- </p>
- <p> Faced with mounting evidence of the failure of efforts to
- pour information into students' minds, a number of educators
- and researchers would like to see more apprenticeship in the
- classroom. Says Albert Shanker, president of the American
- Federation of Teachers: "Schools are not organized according to
- the way most people learn. We might be more successful if we
- structured learning in schools more like the way things are done
- in the real world -- with apprenticeship-type programs
- connecting abstract symbols to the solution of real problems."
- </p>
- <p> Apprenticeship has produced promising results in various
- experimental programs. Techniques devised by Ann Brown and
- Annemarie Palincsar, while doing education research at the
- University of Illinois, raised reading-comprehension scores in
- a Springfield seventh-grade class from 20% to 80% in 20 days.
- The method was to make the children approach a text the way a
- teacher does: by formulating questions, summarizing, predicting
- what will come next and isolating problems.
- </p>
- <p> In mathematics, apprenticeship methods focus less on
- formulas than on analyzing the way a mathematician chooses a
- path to a solution. The technique is valid for higher math as
- well as basic arithmetic. In East Lansing, Mich., Magdalene
- Lampert's fifth-graders connect numbers to real-world
- situations. Instead of dutifully working out common denominators
- to compare fractions, for example, one of her students reasoned
- that "five-sixths is smaller than seven-eighths because the
- piece that is missing in seven-eighths is smaller than in
- five-sixths." Says Lampert: "This reveals more complicated
- thinking and a better understanding of symbols than the blind
- use of rules."
- </p>
- <p> A century ago, educators differentiated cognitive skills
- from the "lower" vocational skills taught by apprenticeship.
- This produced a school system in which math, science and reading
- are taught through abstractions that, in the words of one
- expert, are "void of the complexities of the real world and thus
- irrelevant and even boring." The results can sometimes be
- ludicrous. Alan Schoenfeld, an expert on math education at
- Berkeley, notes that students characteristically answer "seven
- buses remainder ten" when asked how many 35-passenger buses are
- needed to transport 255 students. In practical terms, of course,
- the answer is eight, since the remaining ten students will need
- another bus.
- </p>
- <p> Although apprenticeship can be a highly effective tool, it
- requires greater personal involvement and a deeper
- understanding of the subject matter than most conventional
- teaching methods. To help make up for the shortage of
- professionals skilled in this technique, educators look to a new
- generation of computer-based teaching tools that work with
- students much the way a teacher does, walking them through
- incorrect answers to show where they went astray. The key to
- these new tools is the concept of apprenticeship. Says Lauren
- Resnick, past president of the 14,500-member American
- Educational Research Association: "Apprenticeship has the
- promise of building abstract abilities in our children that are
- well grounded in actual experience."
- </p>
-
- </body></article>
- </text>
-
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